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The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that, through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin, are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy, between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy. It deals with linguistic varieties of "fragmentary attestation " from two strands of Celtic peoples: 1) the oldest, perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age, the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture, who spoke a language (the so-called Lepontic language) which is more archaic, more conservative Gaulish language; 2) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC (and probably also in earlier stages) . == Groups and categories of place names == The linguist Giovan Battista Pellegrini〔G. B. Pellegrini had identified and collected a prominent part of the Celtic toponymy of Italy already in 1981, in the article ''Toponomastica celtica nell'Italia settentrionale'', in ''I Celti d'Italia'' (edited by E. Campanile). Later, he reproposed his article in ''Ricerche di toponomastica veneta'' (1987) and in the manual ''Toponomastica italiana'' (1990), and a few years later he was one of the authors of the ''Dizionario di toponomastica'' (1990) edited by UTET. Oltre a queste opere di riferimento fondamentali, sia per ulteriori approfondimenti e integrazioni, sia per spiegazioni etimologiche più recenti o confronti con toponimi simili riscontrabili in altri Paesi (si pensi, ad esempio, a ''Bologna'' e ''Boulogne-sur-Mer''), si possono consultare poi i lavori di altri linguisti e filologi: P. Anreiter, P. de Bernardo Stempel, X. Delamarre, L. Fleuriot, St. Gendron, G. Frau, Ch.-J. Guyonvarc'h, J. Lacroix, P.-Y. Lambert, M. Lejeune, E. Nègre, D. Olivieri, G. Rohlfs, G. D. Serra, P. Sims-Williams, M. G. Tibiletti Bruno, J. Vendryes, Fr. Villar, per ricordarne solo alcuni.〕 (1921-2007), has divided the toponymy of Celtic origin in the four "strands": # «those attested since the ancient times»; # «attested in medieval times (but attributed with certainty to the Gaulish strand)»; # «Predial place names with -''acum'' likely of Gallo-Latin origin»; # «derived from names of Celtic origin with installations which may be even recent and therefore of modest historical interest».〔Pellegrini (1990): p. 109.〕 The place names in the first group are names that document pre-Roman Celtic settlements, especially Gaulish, or foundations not before the Roman period. Usually found in forms hellenized and/or Latinized, both in morphology (Celtic endings replaced by Greek and Latin ones) and in phonetics and spelling (see for example the case of the name Milan). In many cases, we have received more variants of those ancient place names. Everything depends on whether they are mentioned by Greek and Latin authors (who in quoting or copy second hand may have altered some names), or used in other written sources, mostly inscriptions and routes, that of Celtic names report either adaptations (and alterations) operated by different Latin speakers or those adopted by the Roman state, in its different parts and historical phases. The second group includes those place names which, attested in forms transmitted from medieval documents, while not appearing in Greek-Latin inscriptions or authors, can be attributed equally to the Gauls or the Gallo-Romans, so attesting their allocation in ancient times. They are of more ancient formation than the names of the fourth strand (''microtoponyms'') and may be also than the names of the third one(''predials''). The third group includes Gallo-Roman land (rustic names of terrains) or predial toponyms, formed by an ancient anthroponym (but not always Celtic) and one of the Gaulish suffixes ''-ācum'', ''-āca'', ''-īcum'', ''-īca''. It is a group that was productive in the early Middle Ages too, when predials with Celtic suffix from Germanic anthroponyms were born. They may be associated with place names consisting of an ancient Celtic anthroponym + suffix ''-ate'', probably from an ancient ''-ates'', with the value of ‘the men or the relatives and descendants of’ (home of a race or family). This especially where ''-ate'', or sometimes ''-ato'', They may have replaced an older Celtic predial suffix; for example in the case of ''Lovernato'': '' *Lovernaco'' (''vico Luernaco'', attested in 807), from personal name '' *Louernus'' (''Louernius'' or ''Louernacus'') < ''louernos'' ‘fox’. The fourth group is the largest. It consists usually of ''microtoponyms'', that is, names of smaller towns, cadastral units, ecc., derived from common words (appellatives)〔appellatives of local dialect.〕 of Celtic or rather celtic-latin origin; names that can be found in most topographic maps rather than in road atlases (for examle, the Lombard ''Broletti'', from Gaulish '' *brogilos'' ‘orchard’). In his articles Pellegrini lists several appellatives that are derived from these toponyms: «''beccus'', ''betulla'', ''broga'', ''brogilos'', ''brūcus'', ''cumbo'', '' *camminus'', ''cumba'', '' *glasina'', '' *lanca'', ''ligita'', ''nantu'', '' *pettia'', '' *rica'', '' *tamisium'', '' *tegia'', ''verna'' ecc.», ''ambli'' and '' *barros''.〔Pellegrini (1990): p. 129.〕 The membership to these groups will be indicated at the end of each entry with, respectively, the following groups of symbols: (), (), (), (). Like all toponyms, even the Celtic ones can be divided in categories: * names of rivers (example: ''Rhine'', from Gaulish '' *rēno-'' ‘river’ (‘to flow’, ‘billow’) ); * names of lakes (''Benaco'', from Celtic '' *Bennacos'' ‘horned’); * names of mountains (''Pennine Alps'', from Celtic '' *pennos'' ‘peak’); * names of cities and other settlements (''Milan'', from latinized Gaulish ''Mediolanum'' ‘middle plain’/‘center of perfection’); * names of regions (''Cadore'', from latinized Gaulish '' *catubri(g)um'' ‘stronghold’). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Celtic place names in Italy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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